In summary, our study showed for the first time that TiO2 NPs induce clastogenicity, genotoxicity, oxidative DNA damage and inflammation in vivo in mice. These results have been observed after only 5 days of treatment via drinking water, and in multiple organs suggesting a systemic effect. We also showed that in utero exposure to TiO2 NPs results in an increased frequency in DNA deletions in the fetus. These results represent the first comprehensive in vivo carcinogenicity study of TiO2 NPs. These data suggest that we should be concerned about a potential risk of cancer or genetic disorders especially for people occupationally exposed to high concentrations of TiO2 NPs and that it might be prudent to limit ingestion of TiO2 NPs through nonessential drug additives, food colors etc.
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